Tuesday 15 March 2022

SUPER SCOTCH WHISKIES IN INDIA

A WHISKY LOVER’S DREAM DRAMS

This is a hugely exciting time to be a Whisky drinker in the rapidly expanding whisky market in India, with brands emerging from within the country and across the world. Science and technology are filling in many gaps in the hitherto preserve of the epicureans, the aficionados and the cognoscenti to make these expressions available to the hoi polloi. Small distilleries are sprouting every other day across the globe, with a variance from time-honoured traditions, standing tall alongside the best whisky brands that have been pleasing lovers of the spirit for years. These whisky brands are introducing unique flavour profiles, unusual ageing methods, and thinking up new tricks as time passes to keep the drink at the forefront of our minds.

I have lined up a few brands of Scotch Whisky that you can mull over and, where possible, buy. They range from moderate to the slightly expensive, so you have many options. I will write about our own brands soon, as the spate of new expressions starts to stabilise.

THE SPEYBURN RANGE

Speyburn is a light, natural, sweet, classic Speyside whisky.
It is Speyside. Nothing more. Nothing less.

Tradition and innovation are regular bedfellows in the world of single malt and Speyburn is a classic example. Its parent, International Beverage Holdings, is a believer in the old way of making whisky and has kept the distillery pretty much the same as when it was first designed by Charles Doig with inputs from Hopkins. It is a very picturesque distillery and is rated accordingly as the most photographed distillery in Scotland. 

Speyburn's stillhouse is the same (albeit now with steam driven stills) and the worm tubs have been retained. As is characteristic with worm sites, this method of condensing produces a deliberately sulphury new make which changes in cask to reveal the singular delicate, fragrant character which lies underneath.

     
             

THREE OF THE FIVE CORE RANGE OF SPEYBURN WHISKIES- AGE STATED

In 1896, John Hopkins discovered a unique spot, in the heart of Speyside located opposite Glen Grant, which seemed suitable for making exceptionally smooth whisky. While hunting for the perfect spot for his distillery, John, along with his brother Edward, discovered the Granty Burn - an untouched stream hidden in that secluded Speyside valley. They knew that the exceptionally pure water of this burn would produce a remarkable whisky with a naturally refreshing character. The Hopkins trusted John's intuition and built the Speyburn distillery right there in the glen, using authentic river stones from the bed of the fast-flowing River Spey itself. Over 100 years after its founding, Speyburn remains the only distillery to use the pure, crystal-clear water of the Granty Burn. Water for other requirements is taken from the Broad Burn, another proximal tributary of the River Spey.

Set in a steep valley with limited space, Hopkins, with Charles Doig, the world famous distillery designer and innovator, designed an entirely new shape of distillery, building up through the trees rather than building out. Instead of one vast drying floor, he raised his malt upwards using layer upon layer of mesh, infusing it with the vibrancy of the Speyside air. 

Speyburn started operating rather late, in 1897, one of a number of distilleries with a pagoda designed by Doig (the inventor of the distillery pagoda, for most people the defining feature of any plant). The pagoda was originally built to help ventilate the distillery’s kiln. Doig also installed the first ‘pneumatic’ (drum) maltings in the Highlands on site, allowing production not to be tied to the size of its malting floors. These stayed in use at Speyburn until 1968.

In time, it was absorbed into Scottish Malt Distillers (the malt arm of DCL) but changed hands in 1991 becoming part of Inver House till 2001, till bought by Pacific Spirits, which, in turn, morphed into International Beverage Holdings, a Thailand-based beverage company in 2006. Clan Speyburn, an online community for this brand was formed in 2012.

Its start was dramatic. 1897 marked the 60th anniversary of Queen Victoria’s reign and Hopkins promised all and sundry that he would create a distillery and bring out a bottle to mark that year. Nobody believed him! Production began on 01 November. Hopkins and his crew were able to get their new make flowing by Christmas. The team toiled through a storm of Arctic proportions to craft a whisky in time to toast the Queen’s Jubilee. Determined that their first bottle would bear the year 1897 on its label, the men battled against the elements wearing overcoats and mufflers to protect them from the freezing snow. After hours of hard work and with heroic efforts of his distillery men, Hopkins finally triumphed and, on the last night of the year, was rewarded with the first barrel of Speyburn whisky.

120 years since distilling its first drop, Speyburn is now more than a whisky. Bold, bright and full of character, their Speyside single malts are as inspiring to newcomers as they are to seasoned whisky enthusiasts, allowing everyone everywhere to enjoy the beautiful simplicity of Speyside. To celebrate Speyside, they currently offer a range of expressions. Whichever Speyburn offering is selected, you can expect to enjoy the classic taste of Speyside in every dram. After all, Speyburn is Speyside.

In recent years, however, Speyburn has been marketed as a value-for-money malt in the US. While this has resulted in large volumes in terms of sales, the price pot hasn’t helped the whisky’s reputation. Strangely, this ninth-ranked malt brand in the USA is still unknown to most of the world and probably under-appreciated where it’s a best-seller.

                           

Speyburn goes to great lengths to draw on the best this land has to offer. By sourcing consistently high quality malted barley from their long-standing UK suppliers, they ensure that this key ingredient is the perfect first step to creating our award-winning single malt whisky. Before they fully extract the excellence locked in the grain, their 10 tonne twin-roller ‘Boby’ mill crushes the malt into grist 5.6 tonnes at a time. They then take four hours to complete one mashing cycle, to produce clear and flavoursome ‘wort’.

Speyburn uses both stainless steel and wooden washbacks, the latter made of Douglas fir. They are large tanks where wort meets yeast and the fermentation takes place, in a spectacle of frothing and churning; this is the most visually spectacular part of the process. Long fermentation times add to the character of the finished single malt whisky. The ‘wash’ already has much of the Speyburn character locked in it.

                      

Sitting proudly at the heart of Speyburn Distillery is one large wash still used for first distillation and two smaller spirit stills for the second. The wash still charges both spirit stills at the same time, an unusual distillation regime which helps them achieve a light yet flavoursome spirit.

The stills are of classic Speyside shape, broad at the base with slender necks. They work in tandem with traditional worm tub condensers. This time-honoured method of turning vapour into spirit adds the familiar body and rich character to their whisky. The birth of charismatic Speyburn distillate is satisfying but the work is far from done. In fact, the wait is only beginning. All Speyburn single malt is matured in air-dried oak casks seasoned with bourbon or sherry. These excellent vessels help the spirit fully develop its natural qualities. Speyburn is matured in traditional dunnage warehouses. Those dark, cavernous buildings provide the optimum temperature and humidity for a long and even maturation process. As the whisky slowly ages it becomes smoother, sweeter and more flavoursome, resulting after many years in a single malt whisky they’re proud to call Speyburn.

Speyburn has a production capacity of 1.9 million litres of pure alcohol. There are several interesting features about whisky production at Speyburn. The fermentation is relatively quick at 48 hours. It utilises a six-ton mash tun and six 26,200 litre washbacks. The malt is slightly peated. Speyburn was the first distillery to introduce drum maltings. It maintained these until 1968, when it switched to a commercial malt producer.

The distillery has two pear shaped stills. Pear shaped still are characterised by a wider neck than traditional Speyside stills. The wider neck promotes reflux, the condensation of the vapour within the neck of the still, so that it falls back into the pot and is redistilled. The process maximises the amount of copper contact experienced by the spirit.

Worm Tub Condensers: Such condensers are the traditional copper spiral, now largely replaced by modern shell and tube condensers. The latter maximise copper contact in the condensers, while the former minimise it, creating a deliberately sulphurous new make, often expressed as a meatier robust spirit. The average new make strength is 69.3%. Speyburn uses a combination of ex-bourbon casks and also ex-Pedro Ximenez (PX) sherry casks to mature its whisky. PX is a type of sherry made from partially raisinated grapes. It is very sweet and viscous, almost syrupy, and imparts flavours of raisin, fig and other dried fruits, along with a distinct sweetness. The company operates two dunnage warehouses. These are the traditional Speyside warehouses with earthen floors and barrels stacked three high.

There are many different expressions of Speyburn malt from independent bottlers, the majority of which were released by Gordon and MacPhail and Douglas Laing. Distillers Choice also has a range of bottlings from a 13-year-old to a 30-year-old.

The distillery’s current core range consists of five expressions: 10 YO, 15 YO, 18 YO, Arranta Casks and Braden Orach. Arranta Casks are a non-age statement (NAS) bottling of specially selected casks that have a “uniquely bold and characterful flavour profile.” The last three are currently only available in the U.S. Bradan Orach, Gaelic for golden salmon, is also a NAS whisky. It has a light and fruity, classic Speyside style. Its name commemorates the world class salmon fishing found on the River Spey.

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THE SPEYBURNS CURRENTLY AVAILABLE IN INDIA

CARTON & CAN 1L & 750ml VERSIONS

                       

Speyburn 10 YO, 40% ABV, 750 ml, ₹2,700-3,000

This is the bestselling of all of the Speyburn expressions. It is similar to Bradan Orach, but the aromas and flavour are more intense. The colour is a light gold.

On the nose, the whisky is sweet. There is the distinctive lemon aroma typical of lowland malts. There are additional notes of honey, apple, pear and apricot, along with some anise, caramel and a hint of peat.

On the palate, there are the classic fruity Speyside flavours. The pear and apricot notes are quite distinctive, along with some ripe apple and cooked cereal notes, and a bit of anise and biscuit. The whisky has a sweet element, along with noticeable smoke and peat notes.

The finish is medium length, smooth, with lingering sweet fruit notes and a touch of smoke.

This is a great whisky. At an average retail price of around ₹2,700-3,000 it’s exceptional value.

Speyburn 15 YO, 46 % ABV, 750 ml, ₹5,200-5,600

According to the company this expression is matured in a combination of American and Spanish oak casks. Presumably, these casks previously held bourbon and PX sherry but, if so, that is not disclosed. There is an obvious sherry cask element in this expression, although that can often be imparted by Spanish oak casks. The term Spanish oak refers to French oak (Quercus robur) grown in Spain.

The colour is a rich amber. On the nose, it is incredibly fruity, with notes of citrus, especially lemon, tangerine and grapefruit, along with tropical fruit notes of mango and melon. There are dried notes of golden raisin, fig and prune, along with caramel, some wood spice and vanilla notes.

On the palate, there is a veritable fruit salad of flavours, including apple, tropical fruits, along with dried raisin and apricot and a bit of ginger pepperiness. The whisky is smooth and creamy with an oily, pronounced palate weight. As the whisky opens up more pronounced vanilla and some milk chocolate notes emerge, along with cinnamon and nutmeg.

The finish is long, creamy, with lingering sweet dried fruit notes.

This is an interesting whisky. Incredibly fruity, it makes an excellent sipping whisky. It reminds me of the Glendronach 18 YO or the Glengoyne 15 YO. It’s smoother with a touch of water. Price varies dramatically, depending on where it’s bought. 

Speyburn 18 YO, 46% ABV, 750 ml, $100-110

Like the 15 YO, the 18 YO Speyburn is matured in a combination of Spanish and American oak. The bottling commemorates the 18th anniversary of Speyburn’s distillery manager Bobby Anderson. Only 9,000 bottles were made available.

The colour is dark amber. On the nose, there is the classic rich, sherried Speyside aroma of nuts, citrus zest, raisin and fig. There is a slight medicinal note of eucalyptus and camphor, think Vicks VapoRub ointment, along with caramel, spice notes of cinnamon and nutmeg, also some biscuit and a hint of marzipan and some smokiness.

On the palate, the sherry notes are so prominent you could mistake it for a Macallan. There are flavours of dried orange and lemon zest, along with apricot, dried tropical fruit, walnut, milk chocolate and biscuit. There are also spice notes of black pepper cinnamon and nutmeg. There is a noticeable smoke and peaty note that hangs in the background.

The finish is exceptionally long, smooth and very flavourful. This is a classic sherried malt, with lingering notes of smoky, sweet dried fruit that ends on a bittersweet note.

Additionally, there are several higher proof expressions that are available only at travel retail. There is also the Speyburn Companion Cask expression, which is a NAS whisky matured exclusively in ex-bourbon casks from the Buffalo Trace distillery in Kentucky.

Speyburn is an exceptional whisky, especially the 15 YO and 18 YO expressions. These are outstanding in quality and reasonably well priced, offering the depth and complexity that classic sherried whiskies can offer. The 10 YO and the NAS expressions lack the complexity of their older siblings, but they are excellent whiskies, make excellent aperitifs and are phenomenally well priced. It’s a shame these whiskies are not better known. They all merit further exploration by the Scotch whisky enthusiast.

THE CRAIGELLACHIE RANGE: AVAILABLE IN INDIA   

EARLY DAYS

Craigellachie Distillery Status: Operational

Established: 1891

Owner: Bacardi Limited

Capacity: 4,000,000L per annum

Craigellachie Distillery has been producing very characterful, heavy and sulphurous malt whisky for more than 125 years, but has managed to slide under the radar, keeping itself fairly insular and protected. Sulphur has become an emotive subject in recent years, but it is one which is also misunderstood. There are two ways in which you can get sulphurous notes in whisky. One is through the burning of sulphur candles in casks to stop bacterial infection. Although this was once standard in Jerez with the rise of bespoke casks for the whisky industry the practice has now been outlawed.

The second form of sulphur comes from barley and is naturally produced during the whisky-making process. If you cut down the amount of copper available to spirit vapour the higher the sulphur levels in the new make will be. What appears to not have been understood is that this sulphur disappears in time. It acts as a marker; an indication that once its cloak has been lifted a spirit will emerge either as meaty (Cragganmore, Mortlach, Benrinnes) or fragrant (Glenkinchie, Speyburn, Balblair, AnCnoc, and Craigellachie) In other words, sulphur can be desirable.

Craigellachie revels in its sulphurous nature. The first thing you smell as you enter the distillery is the notes of cabbage and beef stock. This is rising from the worm tubs which sit at the back of the distillery. It is the small amount of copper contained within them that helps to promote this character. They also add weight to the palate of the mature spirit.

Long fermentation has however fixed fruitiness within the spirit and this tropical/floral note emerges in the mature spirit. It’s this character: full, yet aromatic which has made Craigellachie a prized malt for blending: it has been a major contributor to White Horse since the late 19th century – with the result that it had to wait until 2014 to receive its promotion to the rank of front-line malts.

STANDING TALL TODAY

Craigellachie Distillery was born off a collaboration between blenders and merchants led by Alexander Edward and Peter Mackie. The two were whisky legends of their time, both with solid experience in establishing and running distilleries and building brands. Craigellachie was one of Edward’s first ventures away from his family which had a long tradition of distilling in Banffshire, with Benrinnes under the control of his father since 1864. Edward, though only 25 when the distillery was built, was already the lessee of Benrinnes. He also owned a local brickworks, built new villas in the growing village and, in 1896, constructed a large hotel. He would go on to build Aultmore, Dallas Dhu and Benromach.

Mackie, of Lagavulin fame, also came from a distilling family: his father was a farmer, grain merchant and distiller while his uncle, James Logan  Mackie, co-owned the Lagavulin Distillery in Islay, which was where Peter Mackie found himself working in 1878. Just twelve years later – a year before his collaboration with Edward – Mackie would help his uncle’s company set up its own blend, called White Horse, to which Craigellachie’s fortunes would be tied over the coming decades.

Craigellachie’s distillery, however, was built in 1890. The original Craigellachie Distillery was designed by Charles Doig of Elgin and sported one of his iconic pagoda-style roofed chimneys, which to this day protrudes proudly above the surrounding buildings. As one of his earlier designs, it’s an example of his classic E-shape pagodas, if somewhat compressed. It was built with all modern conveniences with the express intention of making a lighter fruitier character than the older distilleries – one of the earliest descriptors of Craigellachie mentions pineapple as a desirable aroma.

Edward pulled out in 1900 to concentrate on the other interests, leaving Craigellachie in White Horse’s ownership. It was the core malt within Mackie’s Old Smuggler and Old Gaelic brands which were hugely successful in Australia and South Africa. White Horse – and therefore Craigellachie – became part of DCL but when that firm merged with IDV in 1998, the Monopolies Board insisted that it sell off some of its estate – specifically John Dewar & Sons and five distilleries, one of which was Craigellachie. They were snapped up by Bacardi which still owns the distillery.

Two years after being founded, Craigellachie was incorporated as a limited company and in 1896 it was reconstructed as Craigellachie-Glenlivet Distillery Ltd. The year before, following James Logan Mackie’s death, Peter Mackie had become chairman of his uncle’s company, in charge of its White Horse blend.

Despite this activity, some sources have suggested not a drop of whisky was produced before 1898. To the contrary, tasting notes from Alfred Barnard, who visited Craigellachie in 1893/94, suggest at least some whisky was being produced. He stated that 2,000 quarters of barley were waiting to be steeped, and noted “the chief characteristic of the Craigellachie brand is the pineapple flavour it develops with age”. However, the Pattison Crisis starting 1898 – a period when whisky was overproduced with the Pattison brothers, owners of multiple distilleries, artificially inflating prices and caused a crash- saw Craigellachie largely unscathed despite Alexander Edward being caught up in the drama and forced to temporarily close some of his distilleries which had supplied the Pattisons. The market was flooded with too much whisky, leaping from an annual output of two billion gallons to 13 billion, Craigellachie’s first few years were slow ones.

That the distillery survived was perhaps something to do with the conservative Peter Mackie who remained organisationally cautious. He described his business sense as one that favoured independent status, personal authority and familial recruitment. He believed traditionalism and predictability were just as important as sales.

After Edward withdrew from the partnership, Mackie and the remaining blenders and merchants carried on with Craigellachie’s production. The early years of the new century were quiet but the distillery underwent its first reconstruction when a reservoir and filter beds were added in 1902 – designed to put an end to periods of short-term closure due to draught. By the time war came, Peter Mackie’s company had total control of Craigellachie, which was forced to close due to barley shortages, reopening in 1919 - the same year Peter Mackie was given a baronetcy. Before his death, in 1924, he spent time trying to organise the company to unite with Buchanan-Dewar, and while this was something that never came to fruition, he finally decided to take the company public as White Horse Distillers Ltd.

After the death of the founders, life continued ut semper for the workers at Craigellachie.  Change was coming and in 1925 the big three whisky companies – John Walker & Co., James Buchanan & Co., and John Dewar & Sons – united to form Distillers Company Ltd. Two years later DCL bought White Horse Distillers. In 1930, the whisky distilleries from all four companies where transferred to a subsidiary of DCL, known as Scottish Malt Distillers. Craigellachie, like all Scottish distilleries, was most likely forced to close during World War II due to barley shortages, although this isn’t recorded anywhere. Two years after the war ended, in 1947, the Speyside Cooperage was established on the south side of the distillery and remained there until 1992 when it moved further down the road due to the need for expansion.

The 1950s were another quiet decade for whisky production, especially at Craigellachie where not much changed. It was during the 1960s, however, that the whole distillery was overhauled: from 1964 to ‘65 many of the original buildings were torn down and rebuilt, leaving only Doig’s floor maltings, kiln and the pagoda roof.

A second pair of stills were also installed in 1965, doubling the capacity for distillation. The branch line through Craigellachie town was scrapped under the Beeching rail reforms, leaving a picturesque walking track today known as the Speyside Way. Craigellachie continued its production under Scottish Malt Distillers throughout the 1970s and managed once again to escape unscathed by the bust in the market during the 1980s. Many other distilleries were forced to close, some never to reopen.

In 1987, DCL merged with Arthur Bell & Sons, both owned by Guinness, to become United Distillers & Vintners. Ten years later United merged with Grand Metropolitan to form what we know today as Diageo. Deemed to hold too great a monopoly on the whisky industry the company was forced to sell Dewar’s whisky company, including Craigallechie, alongside John Dewar and Son’s, Aberfeldy Distillery, Aultmore Distillery and Royal Brackla Distillery. The package, plus Bombay Sapphire Gin, was snatched up by Bacardi for £1.15 billion.

For much of its history, Craigellachie supplied most of its production to the White Horse blend, but as part of the John Dewar & Sons group of distilleries (incidentally a move Peter Mackie had tried to engineer back in the 1920s). Craigellachie is now available as a single malt. The first official single malt expression from the distillery was released in 2004 as a 14-year-old, and Craigellachie is a respected single malt in its own right, as well a component in the Dewar’s blend.

Craigellachie Distillery has been producing very characterful, heavy and sulphurous malt whisky for more than 125 years, but has managed to slide under the radar, keeping itself fairly insular and protected. The journey from field to bottle for Craigellachie whisky is similar to the majority of Scotch malt whisky brands. It is the nuances in malting, fermentation, distillation and maturation that shape the individual nature of the whisky’s character, and in the case of Craigellachie it is the malting process that particularly stands out. 

THE PORTEUS MILL

Malting: Craigellachie sources its water from underground springs by the Blue Hill Quarry, adjacent to the distillery, fed by a pipeline directly into the distillery. It uses Concerto malted barley from Glenesk malting in Angus, with the specific requirements from John Dewar and Sons to only use barley grown in the UK, preferably Scotland. Importantly for the character of Craigellachie whisky, during malting, rather than a gas burner being used to spread hot steam through the grains, heavy fuel oil is used, producing steam with sulphur in it. The oil-fired kiln at Glenesk maltings is only used for Craigellachie and the malt produced in it kept separate from those destined for other distilleries.

A Richard Sizer Porteus Mill processes 10 tonnes of malt per grind, taking a little over two-and-a-half hours to process. The old mill, dating from the 1860s, is kept working by the mill engineers. Two grist bins, rather than the typical one, allow Craigellachie mill to process two millings by the time one mash is finished.

Fermentation: Every Tuesday morning the yeast tank is refilled with a cream MS-1 strain. Craigellachie uses 192 litres of yeast per batch, with a capacity in the tank of 4,500 litres. As a ratio, it works out at 19 litres of yeast per one ton of mash. The use of liquid yeast represents a transformation from the situation pre-2008 when the distillery still brought yeast in dry form in sacks, mixing it with water to create a ‘slurry’. The use of liquid yeast eases handling and has speeded up the process.

Mash Tun: The old mash house has a large stainless steel plate in the floor covering the hole where the mash tun was historically situated. The new mash tun, installed in 2001, sits in an adjoining purpose- built mash house. This 10 ton Steinecker mash tun is a full lauter, meaning the rakes can move vertically as well as horizontally, while computer control and monitoring for pressure differentials negates the need for an underback. The temperature of the mix of malt, yeast and water in the mash tun is raised until it reaches 67.3°C, considered the optimum temperature to start sugar extraction. At this temperature, the enzymes needed in fermentation are preserved – in Scottish whisky production it is illegal to add enzymes, in contrast to American or Irish whiskey, hence all enzymes must come from the malt. Having collected the first water (wort) containing the extracted sugars and precious enzymes, the temperature is gradually increased in subsequent waters to tease as much sugar out of the malt as possible.

The mash tun produces 47,000 litres of wort which is pumped to one of the eight larch wood wash-backs where fermentation takes 55-65 hours. Craigellachie typically operate 21 mashes per week.

Wash back : The fermented wash is pumped into the two wash stills – one mashing produces enough to charge each of pair of stills with 22,730 litres of wash. Another element that distinguishes Craigellachie is its use of worm tub condensers – a coil of copper tubes lying in a large iron container filled with constantly flowing cold water. The vapour coming off the stills is directed through these tubes and is cooled and so condensed by the surrounding water.

Wash stills : Many companies have phased out worm tubs in favour of modern shell-and-tube condensers as worm tubs are notoriously prone to leaks, meaning water coming through the spirit safe and alcohol being lost in tub – and then consequently down the drain where the used water flows from the tubs. To guard against this, workers regularly drain down each tub, gas test it and then run water through it to see if there are any leeks. The continued use of worm tubs not only maintains distilling tradition; they also beneficially affect the character of the distillate produced. Worm tubs offer less copper contact than shell-and-tube condensers so produce more complex spirits with a heavier mouthfeel.

At Craigellachie, 20,000 litres of wash at about 8% alc./vol. enters the first still, which produces low wines at about 27% alc./vol. The low wines from both wash stills are combined along with feints from the previous 2nd distillation to charge the spirit stills with 22,730 litres. In the spirit stills, foreshots (heads) are allowed to run for around half-an-hour until the distillate reaches 72% alc./vol. at which point the run is switched to spirit (heart). The spirit run lasts between four-and-a-half to five hours and the final cut to faints (tails) is made at around 63% alc./vol.. Inside the still house, the scent of sulphuric malt is evident in the air – a smell specific to Craigellachie.

Spirit stills: The new-make spirit is sent by tanker to Dewar’s maturation and bottling plant in Glasgow. Here the whisky is stored mostly in ex-American bourbon barrels, with around 10% refill European oak, for a minimum of three years and anywhere up to 21 years, before blending and bottling.

A little bit of sulphur in a spirit can be a good thing, giving it a full body and a savoury, meaty character. Age goes a long way in polishing sulphur’s ragged edges, so intensely sulphurous new make doesn’t necessarily mean a finished whisky will share its rustic qualities. Starting in 2014, the distillery released a series of new official bottlings, including 13, 17 and 23 YO expressions, with others expressions having since followed. Although it’s still Dewar’s primary blend malt, Craigellachie is quickly becoming a single malt of some renown. The distillery’s 31 year old expression was named World’s Best Single Malt in the 2017 World Whiskies Awards.

Craigellachie 13-Year-Old Non chill-filtered, 46% ABV, No Artificial Colouring

Appearance: Pale gold.

Nose: Astringent. Green, plenty of alcohol burn, which dissipates fairly quickly. A pretty rugged aroma of sweat, salt, raw peanuts, dried limes, herbs, pepper and mild spices, bitter phenol and burn toast meets the nose. Barley sugar. It’s not particularly enticing, and smells a little like a dive bar. A half-teaspoonful of water segregates the components. Camphor, mint, chlorophyll, grapefruit, quite Irish.

Palate: Fiery, with toasted nuts, model airplane glue, dry vanilla and salty peanut brittle. It’s very sweet, with an almost liqueur-like mouthfeel.Then the sour funk. 

Slightly smoky barrel char. 

Candy oak, lozenges, the sour funk again, demanding. Much like Tyrconnell.

Finish: Long and lingering, clean. Tannin crispness. Ends with sweetness and chemicals.

Fruity and funky, savory and sour, Craigellachie 13 is a robust dram with quite a bit of complexity. The sour notes are more pronounced when the bottle is initially opened—exposure to air seems to knock some of these notes out, but they still remain lurking a bit. And I should be clear—this is a good type of sour. The type of funky sourness that holds your attention and brings everything together, not the type of sour that makes you think something is wrong with the product.

This is really quite an enjoyable single malt. It’s not peated and it’s not heavily sherried (although I think there is a small sherry influence), but it is a dram with a ton of old time Scotch whisky character and complexity. Throw in the fact that it’s very reasonably priced, and the end result is a fantastic bottle that I highly recommend. Excellent value for money.

Craigellachie 17-Year-Old

17 YO 46% ABV, Un Chill-filtered No Artificial Colouring

This whisky was awarded Whisky Advocate's 2014 Speyside malt of the year after Dewar's rolled out an impressive selection of single malts from distilleries which didn't have much in the way of official bottlings before that point. This is an unpeated single malt, with a focus on the cereal notes in the blend - the malt is ground very finely, and is drained to be quite a cereal-laden wort - as expected, the malt notes to be quite central to the character of the blend.

Colour Bronze.

On the nose: Here’s something curious. All of the “elements” of this whisky seem to be on show, but somehow they feel individual, rather than melded into a harmonised whole. Vegetal, almost dieselly touch of sulphur and tyre rubber from the worm tubs: check. Honeys, melon and cooked apple and pear from the casks and spirit: check. Quite mellow and behaved. Rich, dried fruit right off the bat. You soon see that the malt is coming together, growing in body, complexity, and integration. Rummy, with some light molasses, light brown sugar, lightly heavy and meaty – but not as much as the 13, it is quite a different malt – raisins, apple, sweet malt, spices (clove, nutmeg), and light dusty earthiness. Dried pineapple, dried papaya. The malt is so central, and it is brilliant. Elderflower. Bourbon cask notes tend to come with time, and the oak grows.

Palate: The palate again carries malt centrally, with very slight malty acidity- lightly floral and more herbal than the nose. Oily and full-bodied. The flavours more or less pick up where the nose left off, with perhaps less input from the sulphur and fruit, and more from the honeys and malt. Flapjacks, custard creams, and millionaire’s shortbread. A sugary cereal finish – like a cross between branflakes and frosties. And we have some nice peach, and spices which meld really well with the malt – cinnamon, and something a bit sharper, cloves, nutmeg. Papaya comes in at the end. The oak is quite present, but very well integrated.

Finish: The finish is relatively short, but complex with a slight bite similar to the 13 year old. A malty influence, as from a decent lager, and light menthol on the end. The dry glass yields some wonderful sweet oak. Wisp of sulphur returns at the death.

Craigellachie 23 Year Old

Craigellachie 23 YO 46% ABV Non Chill-filtered Natural Colour

Colour: russet, but very vibrant.

Nose: that’s lovely: a nice oily, slightly dirty and industrial note balanced by orchard fruits. And it’s in that baked apple, heather honey and mead zone that the dram settles. Sulphur – just a hint, just enough. Slightly soapy too, with a flash of tarragon and something meaty, like a chicken broth. I would say that despite the age and interesting presence in the glass, it isn’t too complex. No smoke so rest easy.

Palate: baked apples, pears and a heft of meatiness dominate the palate. Oily, and the characterful sulphur comes to the fore. Herbal, and slightly ashy. Honey, but it’s not that sweet. Nutmeg. I think this one just feels too heavy on the refill casks; so there’s a lovely texture that comes through, but the complexity doesn’t follow. And there’s an oaky, tannic bitterness with cloves and pepper that unbalances things on the finish.

Finish: Medium length. Nutmeg and cinnamon linger the longest, with mild oak spice. Some dried apple. Faint bitter cardboard note also persists to the end, unfortunately. Water adds some additional simple sugar, but doesn’t help with the bitterness on finish. This is an interesting experience, and one that seems driven by both the distillate and the cask aging (or some combination thereof). It has a lot of character for a light malt, but some of the notes may be off-putting. Serve on any occasion or buy as a gift for whisky lovers.

THE ONLY GLENGOYNE AVAILABLE IN INDIA: THE 12 YO 70CL 43% ABV ₹4,000

In the stillness of our quiet glen at Glengoyne Distillery, we know patience is rewarded. For every minute other whiskies spend in their stills, ours spends three. Only then is it transferred to casks themselves prepared for six years, producing the fruity, complex flavours that can only be the end result of our famous Unhurried way.

Glengoyne distillery was founded in 1833 in a cluster of farm buildings at the foot of Dumgoyne Hill. The sites proximity to Glasgow meant the owners were able to build up great relationships with the city’s blenders. The Edmonstone family (the main landowner of the area) began production but soon passed control to the MacLelland family in the 1850s who, in turn, sold it to the Glasgow-based blender Lang Bros in 1876. It was they who changed the distillery’s original name, Burnfoot, to Glen Guin which was anglicised to Glengoyne in 1905. It played a vital role within Lang Brothers' blends [the best known being Supreme] and those of Robertson & Baxter (now Edrington). The latter firm bought Lang Brothers in 1965.

Glengoyne, technically classed as a Highland whisky, toes the Highland line some 20 miles north of Glasgow. In fact, its warehouses sit on the south side of the road, in the Lowlands! There likely aren’t many whiskies that can claim to be distilled in the Highlands and aged in the Lowlands. Single malt bottlings began in the early 1990s, when Glengoyne was sold as 'the unpeated malt', while much was also made of its geographical uniqueness, i.e., the distillery in the Highlands and its warehouses, directly across the road, in the Lowlands. Edrington considered it surplus to its requirements in 2003, selling it to Ian MacLeod for £7.2m. Its new owner has subsequently (and successfully) focussed on developing the brand as a single malt and the distillery as a multifunctional tourist destination. It now gets in excess of 50,000 visitors a year.

Glengoyne is a small facility with limited production, which contributes to its consistently high-quality malt. It runs a combination of long (and very long) fermentations, while distillation in its three stills (one wash, two spirit) is extremely slow. All of the stills have boil bulbs, which increases the amount of copper availability, while the gentle heating of the wash and spirit also helps to maximise the amount of time the alcohol vapour can play with the copper. This maximising of reflux produces a gentle, sweet, and fruity new make. The quality and refinement in such a relatively unknown 12 year-old Scotch whisky is impressive. Glengoyne is a particularly green distillery, with 100% of its power coming from renewable energy. They shun peat in the drying of their barley. Glengoyne’s marketing is very adamant that the whisky has absolutely no peat character at all, either from the process water or from the barley, which is unusual at zero ppm (traditionally unpeated Highlanders like Glenlivet have around 2 ppm). The distillery has a right to market its insistence on showcasing the barley, as it is one of two remaining producers that use Golden Promise barley. The other is The Macallan. Golden Promise is considered to be of higher quality, but much more expensive to grow than high-yield commercial strains.  

There is however sufficient weight in the spirit to be able to balance with maturation in ex-Sherry butts – a signature of Edrington’s distilleries – which has been retained by Ian MacLeod. The distillery uses a mix of first-fill sherry, refill sherry, and ex-bourbon casks, although its whisky is immediately recognisable as a sherried Highland-style whisky. The 12-year, now bottled at 43% ABV, also uses some first-fill Hogshead ex-bourbon barrels – a first for Glengoyne. All Glengoyne has natural colour, but this bottling (and all other Glengoyne, except the cask-strength version) is chill-filtered. Ah…were it not so and a 46% ABV!

Nose: Hot. Faint elements of sherry – mildly nutty and fruity. Shy – I can’t determine much from the nose. After a rest in the glass, there’s a bit of caramel.

Palate: Soft and silky. Light fruits and nut butters initially, very well integrated. Like a peanut butter and jelly sandwich in distilled form – very unlike anything else I’ve tried.

Finish: The sherry is more dominant on the finish, with distinct notes of berry jam and fruit juice. Fades with hazelnuts and no bitterness.

With Water: Water fails to wake up the nose, and does nothing interesting for the palate. I’d skip the water.

Overall: Slow fermentation (56 hours) and slow distilling with maximum copper contact are responsible for the nutty character of Glengoyne’s malt, as is its careful use of both first-fill sherry casks and ex-bourbon casks. Process water comes from the Glengoyne burn which flows from Loch Lomond, in the Highlands. This malt has a lot going for it. Despite the tardy nose, there is a delectable balance of nutty and fruity notes on the palate that is unrivaled by sherried malts in this price range. The balance here is impeccable, and the finish is flawless – no overly-wooded character flaws. A dram of real quality and sophistication; very well balanced and great value for money.

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Thursday 6 January 2022

WHAT IS RADAR CROSS SECTION OF AN AIRCRAFT?

 UNDERSTANDING RADAR CROSS SECTION OF COMBAT AIRCRAFT AS A TARGET

Since you have reached this site, I will assume you are acquainted with the how, why and wherefores of radar, its operating principles and terminology, how it is utilised and how much it has evolved over the past seventy-odd years. Quite naturally, the means and methods to defeat the effective implementation of radars have also evolved alongside.

According to GlobalSecurity.org, a nonpartisan, independent, nonprofit organisation that serves as a think tank, research and consultancy group, the radar cross section (RCS) of a target is defined as the effective area intercepting an amount of incident power which, when scattered isotropically, produces a level of reflected power at the radar equal to that from the target. RCS calculations require broad and extensive technical knowledge, thus many scientists and scholars find the subject challenging and intellectually motivating. This is a very complex field that defies simple explanation, and any short treatment is only a very rough approximation.

Another way to define RCS could be: Radar cross section of a target is a measure of a targeted aircraft/aerial vehicle’s reflection of radar signals in the direction of the radar receiver, i.e. it is a measure of the ratio of backscatter power per steradian (unit solid angle) in the direction of the radar (from the target) to the power density that hits the target. The RCS of a target can be viewed as a comparison of the strength of the reflected signal from a target to the reflected signal from a perfectly smooth sphere of cross sectional area of 1 m2.

Concept of Radar Cross Section - The conceptual definition of RCS includes the fact that not all of the radiated energy falls on the target. A target's RCS (σ), which represents power reradiated from the target is most easily visualised as the product of three factors:  

  • σ = Projected cross section x Reflectivity x Directivity.
  • Reflectivity: The percent of intercepted power reradiated (scattered) by the target.
  • Directivity: The ratio of the power scattered back in the radar's direction to the power that would have been backscattered had the scattering been uniform in all directions (i.e. isotropically).

The units of radar cross section are square metres; however, the radar cross section is NOT the same as the area of the target. Because of the wide range of amplitudes typically encountered on a target, RCS is frequently expressed in dBsm, or decibels relative to one square metre. The RCS is the projected area of a metal sphere that is large compared with the wavelength and that, if substituted for the object, would scatter identically the same power back to the radar. However, the RCS of all but the simplest scatterers fluctuates greatly with the orientation of the object, so the notion of an equivalent sphere is not very useful.

Aircraft

RCS (m2)

RCS (dB)

B-52

100

 

F-15

25

 

SU-30

15

 

MiG-21

3

 

F-16

5

 

Mirage 2000

5

 

Bird

0.01

 

F-16C

1.2

 

F-18

1.0

 

Rafale

1.0

 

Eurofighter Typhoon

0.5

 

Insect

0.001

-30

F-35

0.005

-30

Different structures will exhibit different RCS dependence on frequency than a sphere. However, three frequency regimes are identifiable for most structures. In the Rayleigh region at low frequencies, target dimensions are much less than the radar wavelength. In this region RCS is proportional with the fourth power of the frequency. In the Resonance or Mie Region at medium frequencies, target dimensions and the radar wavelength are in the same order. The RCS oscillates in the resonance region. In the Optical Region of high frequencies, target dimensions are very large compared to the radar wavelength. In this region RCS is roughly the same size as the real area of target. The RCS behaves more simply in the high-frequency region. In this region, the RCS of a sphere is constant.

In general, codes based on the methods-of-moments (MOM) solution to the electrical field integral equation (EFIE) are used to calculate scattering in the Rayleigh and resonance regions. Codes based on physical optics (PO) and the physical theory of diffraction (PTD) are used in the optical or high-frequency region. The target's electrical size (which is proportional to frequency and inversely proportional to the radar wavelength) that determines the appropriate algorithm to calculate the scattering. When the target length is less than 5 to 10 wavelengths, the EFIE-MOM algorithm is used. Alternatively, if the target wavelength is above 5 to 10 wavelengths, the PO-PTD algorithm is used.

The RCS of a stealth aircraft is typically multiple orders of magnitude lower than a conventional plane and is often comparable to that of a small bird or large insect. "From the front, the F/A-22's signature is -40dBm2 (the size of a marble) while the F-35's is -30 dBm2 (the size of a golf ball). The F-35 is said to have a small area of vulnerability from the rear because engineers reduced cost by not designing a radar blocker for the engine exhaust." The F-35 stealthiness is a bit better than the B-2 bomber, which, in turn, was twice as good as that on the even older F-117. B-2 stealth bomber has a very small cross section. The RCS of a B-26 bomber exceeds 35 dBm2 (3100m2 ) from certain angles. In contrast, the RCS of the B-2 stealth bomber is widely reported to be about -40dBm2 .

A conventional fighter aircraft such as an F-4 has an RCS of about six square meters (m2), and the much larger but low-observable B-2 bomber, which incorporates advanced stealth technologies into its design, by some accounts has an RCS of approximately 0.75 m2 [this is four orders of magnitude greater than the widely reported -40dBm2 ]. Some reports give the B-2 a head-on radar cross section no larger than a bird, 0.01 m2 or -20dBm2. A typical cruise missile with UAV-like characteristics has an RCS in the range of 1 m2; the Tomahawk ALCM, designed in the 1970s and utilising the fairly simple low-observable technologies then available, has an RCS of less than 0.05 m2.

The impact of lowered observability can be dramatic because it reduces the maximum detection range from missile defenses, resulting in minimal time for intercept. The US airborne warning and control system (AWACS) radar system was designed to detect aircraft with an RCS of 7 m2 at a range of at least 370 km and typical non-stealthy cruise missiles at a range of at least 227 km; stealthy cruise missiles, however, could approach air defenses to within 108 km before being detected. If such missiles travelled at a speed of 805 km per hour (500 miles per hour), air defenses would have only eight minutes to engage and destroy the stealthy missile and 17 minutes for the nonstealthy missile. Furthermore, a low-observable LACM can be difficult to engage and destroy, even if detected. Cruise missiles with an RCS of 0.1 m2 or smaller are difficult for surface-to-air missile (SAM) fire-control radars to track. Consequently, even if a SAM battery detects the missile, it may not acquire a sufficient lock on the target to complete the intercept.

Radar scattering from any realistic target is a function of the body's material properties as well as its geometry. Once the specular reflections have been eliminated by radar absorbing materials, only non-specular or diffractive sources are left. Non-specular scatterers are edges, creeping waves, and travelling waves. They often dominate backscattering patterns of realistic targets in the aspect ranges of most interest. The travelling wave is a high frequency phenomenon. Surface traveling waves are launched for horizontal polarization and grazing angles of incidence on targets with longs mooth surfaces. There is little attenuation from the flat smooth surface, so the wave builds up as it travels along the target. Upon reaching a surface discontinuity, for example an edge, the travelling wave is scattered and part of it propagates back toward the radar. The sum of the travelling waves propagating from the far end of the target toward the near end is the dominant source to the target radar cross section.

The radar cross section (RCS) of a target not only depends on the physical shape and its composite materials, but also on its subcomponents such as antennas and other sensors. These components on the platforms may be designed to meet low RCS requirements as well as their sensor system requirements. In some cases, the onboard sensors can be the predominant factor in determining a platform's total RCS. A typical example is a reciprocal high gain antenna on a low RCS platform. If the antenna beam is pointed toward the radar and the radar frequency is in the antenna operating band, the antenna scattering can be significant.

The traditional measure of an object's scattering behavior is the RCS pattern which plots the scattered field magnitude as a function of aspect angle for a particular frequency and polarization. Although suitable to calculate the power received by a radar operating with those particular parameters, the RCS pattern is an incomplete descriptor of the object's scattering behavior. While the RCS pattern indicates the effect of the scattering mechanism, it does not reveal the physical processes which cause the observed effect. In contrast, imaging techniques, which exploit frequency and angle diversity to spatially resolve the reflectivity distribution of complex objects, allow the association of physical features with scattering mechanisms. These processes, therefore, indicate the causal components of the overall signature level observed in RCS patterns.

TARGET

RCS M2

C-130 Hercules

80

F-15 Eagle

10-25

Mig-29 Fulcrum

3-5

F-16A

5

Bird

0.01

F-18 C/D

1-3

M-2000

1-2

F-16 C (with reduced RCS)

1.2

Eurofighter Typhoon

0.1 Class

F-16 IN Super Viper

0.1 Class

Rafale

0.1 Class

Source: GlobalSecurity.org

FLUCTUATION LOSS

The fluctuation of the reflected signal is based on the complicated diagram of the relative radar cross-section (RCS). At a forward movement the RCS diagram of the airplane is turned in the reference to the radar set. Caused by the temporal changes of the aim course, the amplitudes and phase changes effect a strong fluctuation of the reception field strength at the radar antenna.

The Swerling models were introduced in 1954 by the American mathematician Peter Swerling and are used to describe the statistical properties of the radar cross-section of objects with complex formed surface. According to the Swerling models the RCS of a reflecting object based on the chi-square probability density function with specific degrees of freedom. These models are of particular importance in the theoretically radartechnology. There are five different Swerling models, numbered with the Roman numerals I through V:

Swerling I Target

This case describes a target whose magnitude of the backscattered signal is relatively constant during the dwell time. It varies according to a Chi-square probability density function with two degrees of freedom (m = 1). The radar cross-section is constant from pulse-to-pulse, but varies independently from scan to scan. The density of probability of the RCS is given by the Rayleigh-Function:

Where σ average is the arithmetic mean of all values of RCS of the reflecting object.



Swerling II Target

The Swerling II target is similar to Swerling I, using the same equation, except the RCS values changes faster and varies from pulse to pulse additionally.

The Swerling cases I and II applies to a target that is made up of many independent scatterers of roughly equal areas like airplanes. However, in Swerling case II there is no rotating surveillance antenna but a focused onto a target tracking radar.

Swerling III Target

The Swerling III target is decribed like Swerling I but with four degrees of freedom (m = 2). The scan-to-scan fluctuation follows a density of probability:





Swerling IV Target

The Swerling case IV is similar to Swerling III but the RCS varies from pulse to pulse rather than from scan to scan and follows the above Equation.

Swerling V

The Swerling case V is a reference value with a constant radar cross-section (also known as Swerling 0). It describes an idealised target without any fluctuation.



Saturday 4 December 2021

ALZHEIMER'S ANOSOGNOSIA AND BASIC TESTS

 IS YOUR BRAIN FADING?

Earth's Population Statistics in Perspective 

The population of Earth is around 7.8 Billion.
For most people, it is a large figure
However, if you condensed 7.8 billion into 100 persons, and then into various percentage statistics, the resulting analysis is relatively much easier to comprehend.      
Out of 100:
11 are in Europe
5 are in North America        
9 are in South America
15 are in Africa
60 are in Asia
49 live in the countryside
51 live in cities
12 speak Chinese
  5 speak Spanish
  5 speak English
  3 speak Arabic
  3 speak Hindi
  3 speak Bengali
  3 speak Portuguese
  2 speak Russian
  2 speak Japanese
62 speak their own language.
 
77 have their own dwellings.
23 have no place to live.
 21 are over-nourished.
63 can eat full.
15 are under-nourished
1 ate the last meal but did not make it to the next meal.
The daily cost of living for 48 is less than 2 USD (US Dollars).
87 have clean drinking water
13 either lack clean drinking water or have a water source that is polluted.
75 have mobile phones
25 do not.
30 have internet access
70 do not have the availability to go online
7 received university education
93 did not attend college.
83 can read
17 are illiterate.

33 are Christians
22 are Muslims
14 are Hindus
7 are Buddhists
12 are other religions
12 have no religious beliefs.
 
26 live less than 14 years
66 died between 15 - 64 years of age
8 are over 65 years old.

If you have your own home,
Eat full meals & drink clean water,
Have a mobile phone,
Can surf the internet, and have gone to college,
You are in the miniscule, privileged lot. (in the less than 7% category)
Amongst 100 persons in the world, only 8 live or exceed the age of 65.
If you are over 65 years old, be content & grateful.  Cherish life, grasp the moment.

If you did not leave this world before the age of 64 like the 92 persons who have gone before you, you are already the blessed amongst mankind.
Take good care of your own health.
Cherish every remaining moment.
If you think you are suffering memory loss.......
 
Anosognosia

In the following analysis the French Professor Bruno Dubois Director of the Institute of Memory and Alzheimer's Disease (IMMA) at La Pitié-Salpêtrière - Paris Hospitals / addresses the subject in a rather reassuring way:
"If anyone is aware of their memory problems, they do not have Alzheimer's."
1.  forget the names of families.
2.  do not remember where I put some things.
 
It often happens in people 60 years and older that they complain that they lack memory.
"The information is always in the brain, it is the "processor" that is lacking."
This is "Anosognosia" or temporary forgetfulness.
Half of people 60 and older have some symptoms that are due to age rather than disease.
The most common cases are:
- forgetting the name of a person,
- going to a room in the house and not remembering why we were going there,
- a blank memory for a movie title or actor, an actress,
- a waste of time searching where we left our glasses or keys ..
After 60 years most people have such a difficulty, which indicates that it is not a disease but rather a characteristic due to the passage of years ..
Many people are concerned about these oversights hence the importance of the following statement:
"Those who are conscious of being forgetful have no serious problem of memory."
"Those who suffer from a memory illness or Alzheimer's, are not aware of what is happening."

Professor Bruno Dubois, Director of IMMA, reassures the majority of people concerned about their oversights:
"The more we complain about memory loss, the less likely we are to suffer from memory sickness."
Now for a little neurological test:
Only use your eyes!

1- Find the C in the table below!
OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO
OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO
OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO
OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO
OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO
OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO
OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOCOOOOOOOOOOO
OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO
OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO
OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO
OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO 
 
2- If you have already found the C, then find the 6 in the table below.
 
99999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999
99999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999
99999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999
69999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999
99999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999
99999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999
 
3- Now find the N in the table below. Attention, it's a little more difficult!
MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMNMM
MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM
MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM
MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM
MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM
 
If you pass these three tests without problem:
- you can cancel your annual visit to the neurologist.
- your brain is in perfect shape!
- you are far from having any relationship with Alzheimer's.

Saturday 27 November 2021

CAN FEMALE OFFICERS TAKE ON DEFENCE FORCES TRAINING FULL TIME AND ALSO RUN A HOME?

 GIRLS TO COMMENCE TRAINING AT THE NDA

BUT WHO WILL MARRY EX -NDA GIRLS?

Feminists are rejoicing that the girls have been permitted by the Supreme Court to join the National Defence Academy (NDA). About 1,78,000 girls have applied to join this premier Defence Academy. Nearly 75 percent of them appeared for the written entrance examination on 14 Nov 21.

The Chief of the Army Staff, while addressing the passing out parade at the academy on 29 October remarked that at least 40 years down the line, a lady might stand in his place to review the NDA passing out parade. But what he failed to visualise or say was that such a lady officer could be a spinster or a divorcee or the head of a broken family.

He was trying to make a ‘virtue out of a necessity’ as the decision to allow the girls to join the academy was forced down the throat of the defence forces by our ‘all knowing’ Supreme Court judges in spite of stiff resistance from the Generals. The Court did not even accede to the demand of the Defence Forces to defer the decision for some time to allow the academy to prepare the necessary infrastructure to welcome the girls.

The veteran community wrote extensively against this ill-thought-out decision and its severe consequences for the forces. But hardly anyone discussed the issue from the perspective of the girls who are likely to join the academy in future. Will these girls have a fulfilling domestic life after becoming officers in the Defence Forces especially after getting trained for four years in the academies to overcome their emotions and to become battle hardened to face death?

I commanded an Infantry Battalion at a metropolis. The JCOs and Jawans of the unit had their families in the station and we were extending all facilities to the wards of the soldiers to study in good schools in town and to perform well academically. Most of children of the soldiers did well in the examinations and it was matter of pride for the paltan. We also rewarded meritorious students. In one Sainik Sammelan, I was happy to reward a few girls who had excelled in the Class XII CBSE examination. The father of one the girls, our religious teacher, came to meet me in my office after the awards ceremony to seek guidance for the further education of his daughter. He was very proud of her academic performance and wanted her to join a good college in town. I asked him what kind of future life did he dream of for his daughter. The JCO, who was himself well educated, told me that he had not thought much about the future of his daughter at that moment and presently he was only concerned about her college education. On my request he agreed to come back to me after a couple of days after discussing the matter with his wife.

The JCO came back  to me the next day and told me that he and his wife discussed the matter in great detail and that he was now ready to answer all my questions. with slight encouragement from my side, he sketched out an ideal life for his daughter. He wanted his daughter to marry a well settled boy (preferably one doing a government job) from a good family of his own caste. He wanted her to have a happy married life and have two healthy and bright kids who would also have a salubrious nurturing atmosphere at home and become good citizens of our country. He agreed that if his daughter got a government job, that of a teacher or job in any government or public sector office or a well paying job in the private sector, it would become easy for him to find a suitable match for her.

The parents of the girl were not ready to accept their daughter marrying out of their caste or staying unmarried for life or having a love marriage or a live-in relationship. They were sure that the chances of the girl having a good and fulfilling life were more dependent on her right marriage rather than on her ability to make lots of money. When I asked him if a boy of his community would be ready to marry a girl who has studied at a metropolis and led a comparatively free life, he was sure that the chances of such a marriage were remote. He was also certain that his daughter might not even agree to marry a boy from their community after tasting freedom at a metropolis. Hence the answer to his question about the future education was obvious and staring him in his face. He sent his family back to his hometown in Uttar Pradesh and the girl did her education in good college there. She is now happily married and has two sons.

The anecdote has been narrated to highlight that a good life for a girl does not consist of a respectable and well paying job only. The Defence Officers’ job can only guarantee this much. This job also comes with lots of hardships in terms of long duty hours, disturbed family life, frequent transfers, hard training which can adversely impact the body of a girl and many more. Male officers are able to bear these hardships because they have a wife to look after the children and the family. A lady Defence Officer is not likely to have such a devoted husband because the lady will not marry an unemployed good for nothing young man and a good man will certainly like to earn his own bread.

These days, male Defence Officers find it difficult to get married. One of my officers’ from Haryana had gone home on leave to finalise a match for himself. On his return he informed us that his engagement did not take place. On questioning, he informed us that the engagement was called off as the girl preferred a Patwari, a fourth class employee over him. If it is so difficult for male officers to find a suitable match, the chances of finding a match for an ex- NDA girl are really remote.

Let’s examine who all can be suitable match to marry an ex- NDA lady officer. We can safely rule out all Group A Services like the IAS, IFS, IRS as they don’t even consider the Defence services as their peers. Even the engineers from the MES consider themselves superior to Defence Services Officers. Since these girls will have transferable jobs no young man serving in the private sector is likely to consider them as a suitable match because they live and work in metro cities where the Defence Services have very little presence. Only the privileged few get a chance to serve in these cities, that too for a period of around two years. Even teachers or patwaris will avoid marrying them for same reason. That leaves only the Defence Services Officers. Only the Defence Services people will muster the guts to marry them. Lady officers will certainly not marry soldiers from other ranks and the Services will deprecate such alliances. Thus, the pool of their perspective grooms will be restricted to Defence Services Officers.                                                 

An ex- NDA girl is not likely to marry one of her juniors in the rank and seniority conscious Defence forces. Even a junior male officer will not be comfortable to have a senior officer as his wife in his house. Her coursemates from NDA are not likely to marry a girl of his course as he would have seen her in various conditions and would not like to expose himself to the ridicule of his course mates. The ex -NDA officers consider the direct entry officers and short service commission officers below their level of competence. So, an ex- NDA girl would not be keen to marry someone from these entries. So that leaves only ex-NDA officers senior to the ex -NDA girl. The ex- NDA officers generally want to marry a homely girl as they yearn for a family which they have missed in their schools and in NDA.

The ex- NDA girl will thus find it difficult to get a suitable groom. But even if they manage to find a suitable match the marriage is likely to face rough weather as the ex- NDA girl will be trained for four years to be a Defence Services Officer devoid of most of the emotions and skills to bring up young children. She might even be biologically stressed to bear healthy children. Even if she manages to have children it will be almost impossible for her to devote the time and shower the kind of love and affection on her children which they deserve.

The people who have made this decision to allow girls to join the NDA has been made by the people who have no stake in the system. They have got cheap popularity through this decision. The judges will never serve in the Defence forces and their progeny is also not likely to even consider the Defence forces as a career for themselves. The politicians will get some votes but will never force their daughters to join NDA. The Generals who acquiesced to the decision will also be long retired by the time the ex-NDA girls join the forces and their daughters have already crossed the age of joining the forces. These worthies don’t realise that they are committing gullible girls to a life of hardships and social ridicule. By the time these girls realise what they got into as a very young age, they will be imprisoned in uniform for life and stuck in a life of loneliness.

Ladies have been in uniform in the Defence services for almost two decades. These ladies have been fighting their own Services in various courts for their promotion and terms of service. The Services have thus had a kind of adversarial relationship with them. Secondly, the forces are so busy that they don’t have time or will to think about the long term welfare of their soldiers. Lots of male soldiers are facing marital discord cases these days because of breakdown of the joint family system. Some of them commit suicide for this reason. The same organisation has thus not bothered to carry out a detailed study on the life of lady officers. Such a study could be a guidepost for all girls keen to join the services.

It is the duty of Defence Services to put forth the true picture of service and its impact on family life in the open. It is in nobody’s interest, the girls, their parents, or their future spouses and even society to consign girls to a lonely companionless life.

Thursday 28 October 2021

THE PRESIDENT WHO LIVED AT PAR WITH HIS COUNTRY

 A MAN OF SIMPLE PRINCIPLES

Door Darshan Podhigai, a Tamil Language Broadcast Service telecast an interview with Mr P M Nair, retired IAS officer, Secretary to the Indian President Dr. Abdul Kalam, who authored a book titled "The Kalam Effect."

This post is an extract from that interview.

Dr Kalam used to receive costly gifts whenever he went abroad as it is customary for many nations to give gifts to the visiting Heads of State. Refusing the gift would become an insult to the nation and an embarrassment for India. So, he received them and on his return, Dr Kalam asked the gifts to be photographed, catalogued and handed over to the Archives.

Afterwards, he never even looked at them. He did not take even a pencil from the gifts received when he left Rashtrapathi Bhavan.

In 2002, the year Dr Kalam took over, the Ramadan month came in July-August. It was a regular practice for the President to host an iftar party. Dr Kalam asked Mr Nair why he should host a party to people who are already well fed and asked him to find out how much would be the cost. Mr Nair told it would cost around Rs. 22 lakhs.

Dr Kalam asked him to donate that amount to a few selected orphanages in the form of food, dresses and blankets. The selection of orphanages was left to a team in Rashtrapathi Bhavan and Dr Kalam had no role in it. After the selection was made, Dr Kalam asked Mr Nair to come inside his room and gave him a cheque for Rs 1 lakh. Dr Kalam, a devout Muslim did not have Iftar parties in the years in which he was the President.

He said that he was giving some amount from his personal savings and this should not be informed to anyone. Mr Nair was so shocked that he said "Sir, I will go outside and tell everyone . People should know that here is a man who not only donated what he should have spent but he is giving his own money also".

Dr Kalam did not like "Yes Sir" type of people. Once when the Chief Justice of India had come and on some point Dr Kalam expressed his view and asked Mr Nair, "Do you agree?" Mr Nair said " No Sir, I do not agree with you". The Chief Justice was shocked and could not believe his ears. It was impossible for a civil servant to disagree with the President and that too so openly. Mr Nair told him that the President would question him afterwards why he disagreed and if the reason was logical 99% he would change his mind.

Dr Kalam invited 50 of his relatives to come to Delhi and they all stayed in Rashtrapathi Bhavan. He organised a bus for them to go around the city which was paid for by him. No official car was used. All their stay and food was calculated as per the instructions of Dr Kalam and the bill came to Rs 2 lakhs which he paid. Such a gesture was unprecedented in the history of this country.

Dr Kalam's elder brother stayed with him in his room for one entire week as he wanted his brother to stay with him. When he left, Dr Kalam wanted to pay rent for that room also. Imagine the President of a country paying rent for the room in which he is staying.

This was any way not agreed to by the staff who thought the honesty was getting too much to handle!!!.

When President Kalam was to leave Rashtrapathi Bhavan at the end of his tenure, every staff member went and met him and paid their respects. Mr Nair went to him alone as his wife had fractured her leg and was confined to bed. Dr Kalam asked why his wife did not come. He replied that she was in bed due to an accident.

Next day, Mr.Nair saw lot of policemen around his house and asked what had happened. They said that the President of India was coming to visit him in his house. He came and met his wife and chatted for some time. Mr Nair says that no president of any country would visit a civil servant's house and that too on such a simple cause.

I thought I should give the details as many of you may not have seen the telecast and so it may be useful.

The younger brother of APJ Abdul Kalam runs an umbrella repairing shop. When Mr. Nair met him during Kalam’s funeral,  he touched his feet, in token of respect for both Mr. Nair and Brother.

Such information should be widely shared on social media as mainstream media will not show this because it doesn't carry the so-called TRPs, unlike Trump.

The property left behind by Dr.A.P.J.Abdul Kalam was estimated:

He owned

  • 6 pants(2 DRDO uniforms)
  • 4 shirts(2 DRDO uniforms)
  • 3 suits (1 western, 2 Indian)
  • 2500 books
  • 1 flat (which he has donated)
  • 1 Padmashri
  • 1 Padmabhushan
  • 1 Bharat Ratna
  • 16 doctorates
  • 1 website
  • 1 twitter account
  • 1 email id

He didn't have any TV, AC, car, jewellery, shares, land or bank balance.

He had even donated the last 8 years' pension towards the development of his village.

He was a real patriot and true Indian. So radically different from narcissistic and apathetic leaders around the world.

RIP Dear Dr Kalam

 

Wednesday 13 October 2021

GOOD LUCK CHARMS AND SUPERSTITIONS

 Fumsups, Touchwood & Good Luck Charms


An old poem reads something like; “Behold in me, the birth of luck, two charms combined, touchwood and fumsup.” Fumsup was one of the favoured good luck charms of pilots during the World Wars. These are small cherub faced dolls gesturing thumbs-up with both hands. The Irish added four-leafed clover on the doll's forehead to personalize these talismans. 'Fumsups' were also carried by soldiers as lucky charms. Touch wood still remains a good luck ritual or an action to ward of an evil eye. Most people know that belief in talismans or good luck charms is superstitions but that has not stopped us from favouring some ritual or charm for good luck.

People confronting high risk situations or wars such as soldiers or pilots are more likely to display odd behaviors or believe in trusted rituals or good luck charms. This to a large extent is known to relieve stress and anxiety. Pilots are particularly known to have strong beliefs in good luck charms and many of the ilk have funny superstitions. One knows of pilots who continue to wear old tattered chamois leather gloves for a sortie because these assure excellent performance. One of the funniest or strangest ritual of New Zealand pilots during second world war was dancing on the aircraft wing with an open umbrella before getting into the cockpit of their bombers. Apparently, it ensured a safe return post the bombing run to Germany. As compared to this, kicking the tyre or sticking chewing gum on the instrument panel seems pedestrian. During World War One when flying was somewhat of a glamorous but a highly risky hobby, pilots went to ridiculous extent. One French pilot always wore his girlfriend's stocking and another was more creative and carried his girlfriend's garter, removed on a moonlit night. Many pilots during the World War carried a rabbit's paw. Not any paw. It had to be a pink left paw. German pilots were known to scribble their girlfriend's initials on the aircraft and get into cockpit only from the left side. Pilots for a long time have been wary of the number 13 and black cats. In many cases, pilots avoid flying on Friday the thirteenth or if a black cat is seen. There is also the story of a Boeing 747 pilot who wears the same lucky underwear when it is time to perform. So if he is the captain of the 747 you are flying in, no harm in asking him if he is wearing his lucky underwear.

This superstitious belief in good luck charms is not restricted to pilots only. Hard headed scientists known for their disbelief in miracles still have good luck charms. Neil Bohr, the father of quantum theory, had a horseshoe nailed above the entrance door. When asked about this he is said to have replied that he didn't believe in it, "but, people say it brings luck even if you don't believe in it".  Strange indeed. It is reported that an Israeli politician always wears his lucky underwear on election day. There is also the case of a rational lawyer who insists on eating idlis and wadas in a particular restaurant on the identified table before the verdict in important cases is to be pronounced. He considers that it brings him luck and always leads to winning the case.

Good luck charms or objects to ward off an evil eye have been with us from the earliest of times. It is said that these are linked to cultures. Golden toads or bats in China, scarabs in Egypt and swastik in India are good luck charms, whether held in the hand or worn around the neck. Rationality does not imply leaving beliefs behind. Atheists though not believing in God still believe in lucky and unlucky numbers; it is only the belief in future success that motivates entrepreneurs to start businesses or for immigrants to leave everything behind and move to unknown countries. Belief in good luck charms or talismans to a large extent gratifies the emotional needs of human beings. Rationality is therefore  unlikely to stop the yearning for talismans, good luck charms or trusted rituals. So stop bothering about superstitions or opinions of your friends if you are confident that the old gloves or underwear you love wearing assure superior performance.